The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - 1718 Words

The Exxon Valdez A corporation has a moral duty to ensure that their products and operations do not cause harm to society and the environment. There are significant factors that must be taken into consideration to ensure the proper response is put forth if disaster rears its ugly head. Many times, when disaster strikes, companies do not always make the appropriate response, or they do not remediate the problem efficiently enough to maximize their efforts. The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 is a prime example of this. The Exxon Valdez oil spill pales in comparison only to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. (NOAA) In 1870 John D. Rockefeller was involved in the birthing of Standard Oil Company which was then broken down into 33†¦show more content†¦(Lauter) At the helm of the ship was the ship’s third mate, Gregory Cousins. Although Cousins was not found to have any inebriating substances in his system, he did not possess the proper license to operate the large vessel. Many local, s tate, federal, and private agencies assisted in the cleanup efforts. (NOAA) This would prove to be a daunting task considering a lack of prior experience with dealing with a disaster of this magnitude. Although NOAA scientists arrived within hours to survey the damage and help to facilitate the most beneficial and efficient clean-up effort that could be put forth, this was unchartered territory. Eventually it took three years in an attempt to effectively clean up the crude oil. It was not until Exxon realized that they could not effectively contain the oil spill that they began to focus on areas prioritized by ecological contents and the need to protect them. In 1992, the U.S. Coast Guard declared the clean-up officially complete. (Exxon Mobil) Although deemed complete, the environment would suffer for decades to come with permanent damage as it will never fully return to its former glory. The company was federally indicted in February of 1990, resulting in the oil giant pleading guilty to one charge and paying a fine of $100 million dollars, however, this was simply the criminal case. The amount of civil cases was staggering and Exxon was ordered to pay $5 billion in punitive damages. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1090 Words   |  5 PagesThis presentation features the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which significantly affected the environment in and around Vald ez, Alaska. In this connection, Group D will explore: the background information of Prince William Sound, the oil business in Valdez and the event of the oil spill. Next, the team defines the problems – that is, the effects of the spill – what damage did it cause. After, we will diagnose the issues – meaning that the group intends to pinpoint the root causes of the problems. The nextRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest oil spill in U.S history. It was a catastrophic disaster that the U.S swore to learn from. Twenty two years later as the prevention procedures became complacent, the Deepwater Horizon explosion made us re-examine our procedures as a nation. The Deepwater Horizon explosion is now the second worst oil spill in the world following the Gulf War Oil Spill in Kuwait in 1991. The U.S used similar techniques to clean the water as the Exxon Valdez clean up, howeverRead MoreThe Exxon Valde z Oil Spill1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe Exxon-Valdez oil spill occurred on March 24, 1989, when the tanker Exxon Valdez, transporting oil from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The root cause of the accident was the captain. After passing through Valdez Narrows, pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. It was Captain Hazelwood who made the decision to steer the ship off its normal path in order to avoid a run in with ice. ForRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1581 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the instances of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, the Kuwait Oil Fires, the Hurricane Katrina devastation and the Sydney Tar Ponds, this paper will develop an argument supporting the idea that governments should be given the responsibility to handle environmental hazards that result from the prior use of resources as well as environmental regulations that are no longer up to standard. Arguments/Examples I. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill To begin, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill was a man-made environmentalRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1999 Words   |  8 PagesPart 1 – Briefly describe the Exxon Valdez oil spill: On March 24th 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Prince William Sound Alaska, spilling roughly 10.8 gallons of crude oil polluting over a thousand miles of Alaska’s coast (Gerken, 2014). At its time, it was the worst oil spill in history, lasting for several days. It was caused by the negligence of the captain who was reportedly intoxicated at the time. The oil was very quickly dispersed over a wide area of land because of extremeRead More Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pages Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ABSTRACT nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In March of 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. An eighteen foot wide hole was ripped into the hull, and 10.9 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the ocean. In the following weeks, many things transpired. This paper will discuss the cleanup, the damage, and the results of the biggest oil spill in United States history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On March 24, 1989, inRead MoreExxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesExxon Valdez Oil Spill ABSTRACT In March of 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. An eighteen foot wide hole was ripped into the hull, and 10.9 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the ocean. In the following weeks, many things transpired. This paper will discuss the cleanup, the damage, and the results of the biggest oil spill in United States history. On March 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound Alaska, the Exxon Valdez was movingRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez And Bp Oil Spill1309 Words   |  6 PagesPitchon 12/11/12 References Gill, Duane A., J. Steven Picou, and Liesel A. Ritchie. The Exxon Valdez and BP oil spills: a Comparison of Initial Social and Psychological Impacts. American Behavioral Scientist (2011): 3-23. This article was concerned in identifying psychological impact of disasters. The article analyzed the psychological effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and the 2010 BP oil spill. The article discussed how years after these disasters the environment and the people feltRead MoreAnalysis of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesMahalia Gauld January 18, 2011 MGMT 2850 Case Study #1- Exxon Valdez Situation in Brief: On March 24, 1989, an Exxon supertanker spilled 11 million gallons of oil while traveling through the pristine waters of Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The consequences of this spill were detrimental and continue to affect life today. The oil spill killed thousands of wildlife, extensively damaged a portion of the beautiful Alaskan environment, and eventually affected the economy to global proportionsRead More Business Ethics and the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay3442 Words   |  14 Pagesunderstand the difference between right and wrong. Since businesses touch such a large segment of our society, codes of ethics must be established and followed to protect the general public. In the following pages we will discuss the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster and examine how it relates to (1) the state of business ethics since 2000, (2) examples of the classic schools of ethics - golden rule, golden mean, utilitarianism, and categorical imperative, (3) three challenges journa list face

Homelessness Is A Major Topic Affecting The United States...

Abstract Homelessness is a major topic affecting the United States and other parts of the world; it is a very complex issue that affects the community from an economic and a social perspective (Clapham). This paper will focus on how urbanization has played a role in the homeless population and homelessness in general; we will also look at the recent reports that homelessness is on a slight decline. We will propose ideas on what we can do to affect homelessness as well. Defining what exactly it is to be homeless and the difference between homelessness and homeless was very difficult to do as numerous sources gave very difference responses with categories and subcategories. National statistical series contain title to no information on the homeless; the census essentially only takes into consideration those with homes. Based on prior research primarily conducted by Peter H. Rossi and James D. Wright along with several other sources, we are able to propose several ideas to help reduce the amount of homelessness in the United States and other countries along with more empirical data. A lack of affordable housing has resulted in an inability to obtain adequate, appropriate, and affordable housing; urban renewal applied federal funds to remove blighted areas. Many people live from paycheck to paycheck just to put a roof over their head and are one paycheck away from having no place to live. Huge expanses of houses were removed. Simply put, the housing need has thus been anShow MoreRelatedHomelessness in Long Island, New York Essay2339 Words   |  10 Pagesam going to discuss is homelessness in Long Island. What is homelessness and who defines it? Homelessness is a person lacking adequate shelter or otherwise residing below the minimal standard of what is considered a safe dwelling. The federal definition of homeless is an individual who lacks a fixed, regular, or adequate nighttime residence (HUD, 2011). Homelessness is not just a problem in big cities like New York or Los Angeles, but rather it is a global epidemic affecting small towns and suburbsRead MoreHu man Rights And Social Justice1735 Words   |  7 Pages But for many, not having food and finding it is part of their everyday struggle (â€Å"30 Hour Famine Team,† 2011). Many around the world and in America, may not think that in the United States alone there were 15.3 million children who lived in food-insecure households in 2014 (â€Å"Feeding America,† 2016). This makes the job of social workers difficult because it is very devastating to watch children go hungry. In our group presentation, the main topic we chose that relates to human rights and social justiceRead MoreAnalysis Of Mississippi Goddam By Nina Simone And Dear Mr. President Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pagesloud, fast vocal piece with a very upbeat musical background. To which Nina Simone states in the lyrics herself, this, is a show tune, but the show hasn t been written for it yet. Dear Mr. President , on the other hand, is a slow paced and soft-spoken song. Both artists, however, wrote their own pieces and brought about awareness of inequality and the lies that were hiding behind our nation, the United States, through their lyrics. Nina Simone performed Mississippi Goddam live are NewRead MoreFood Insecurity Prevalence Is Affected By Many Aspects Of Our Society1949 Words   |  8 Pagespossible. Those 18 hours have initiated a process of questioning (inwardly and externally) the inequality regimes inherent in our society that are directly affecting hunger within our borders. My time volunteering at the Jewish Family Services and from previous experience with a community gleaning project from high school, I have been able to identify major components that decrease food access, food utilization, and food accessibility, yet increase levels of hunger and command the health of not only themRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And The Link2869 Words   |  12 Pages GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE CONNECTION TO NATURAL DISASTERS INTRODUCTION Global climate change is an issue that is taking part in an increasing number of conversations worldwide. Many concerns have risen due to climate change, with one of those concerns being the negative effect climate change has on natural disasters and health. â€Å"Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increaseRead MoreMy Visit to an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting2384 Words   |  10 Pagessearching their moral inventory of self. This is an effort to discover their liabilities, due to misguided concepts which can cause feelings of guilt, blaming of others or grandiosity. The willingness to positively take inventory of their life brings insight, self awareness and confidence. Step five is being able to admit wrongs to God, self and others. This step can be difficult for members but is a necessity to sobriety and having peace of mind. Without admission of wrongs m any members will not be ableRead MoreNavigating Our Mental Health Problem5632 Words   |  23 Pages Navigating Our Mental Health Problem Wesley W. Austin HCA 450A Warner Pacific College June 18, 2015 Abstract The object of this paper is to shed light on the seriousness of mental illness and it is statistically affecting the United States. The history of how the mentally ill have been treated in this country will be discussed, followed by how we got to our current situation with a lack of treatment and an epidemic of mentally ill homeless people as well as, how the police are trained,Read MoreStreet Children5347 Words   |  22 Pagesfrom care, and can obtain food, clothes and education. For these people, the most difficult thing is to make themselves relied on by children. Street children are apt to be suspicious of others. The most important things are to give them affection ungrudgingly and to make them learn how to communicate with others. These are things that children could not learn from their families. Different countries describe street children in different ways. In the Philippines, three general categories have beenRead MoreBric: Culture, Values, and Business Ethics4550 Words   |  19 Pagesthe fifth largest country geographically and by population with a population of 190,732,694 according to the 2010 Census. It is known as one of the world’s fastest growing economies and is part of the United Nations, the G20, BRIC, and groups. Brazil is known for their economy having a growth rate during the world recession in 2008 (Vernengo, 2010). Brazil’s land use is 87% forest/woodland and meadows/pastures and has a climate which is known to be mostly tropical since they have the Amazon. Iron,Read MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesdocument-based questions in the Advanced Placement version of The Enduring Vision, 6th Edition, and to provide teachers with some information on each included document. The suggestions certainly do not exhaust the possibilities; students, no doubt, will create other valid and persuasive organizational patterns and document applications. Here, the documents are discussed in order to facilitate easy teacher reference. Students, of course, must link documents to their individual essay structures; they should not

Corporate Governance Board Gender Diversity

Question: Describe about the Corporate Governance for Board Gender Diversity. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to develop the understanding of requirement of the gender diversity in the coroporate governance of the listed organizations in the Australian stock exchange (ASX) and the estimation of the women ratio in the ASX 200 board members. At the same time, this report focuses on the gender diversity issues to meet out the women criteria in the board organization. Along with this, this report also focuses on providing the different evidence to enhance the business performance in the context of the gender diversity. On the other hand, this report identifies the business areas through gender diversity. Finally, this report provides some recommendation to initiate the gender diversity policy for the organization's board. Gender Diversity Gender diversity means the company demonstrates the men and women are in equal or good percentage. In the other words, generally gender diversity in the board represents both the male and female members in the organization (Nanda, 2014). Gender diversity increases the awareness in the context of the different genders. Issues in Gender Diversity Gender diversity is a major issue for the top level management organizations as they are many organisations whose board members have mostly comprises of men only. At the same time, some of few Australian firms give priority to the women at top level management board such as Harvey Norman, ingeus, and Carman's Fine Foods (Kumar and Zattoni, 2016). But, in currently, 95% top level persons in Australian firms are men.Currently, 23.4% women are working in the top level management in the ASX 200. However, still, no woman is representing in the ASX 200 top 20 boards. As a result, it can be said that Australia ASX 200 boards are not able to meet the 30% criteria of women in the top board. In addition, in ASX 200, 93% (185 companies) companies have a policy of gender diversity for women on board. Above diagram indicates the women directorships in the Australian stock exchange ASX 200, therefore, there are 23.4% womens are working in the board organization. Benefits of Gender Diversity There are different benefits of gender diversity in the organization such as gender diversity enhances the reputation of the firm that will impact the organization performance. Along with this, gender diversity is effective for a listed ASX organization because gender diversity develops and help in bringing innovation in the new technology through knowledge and skills of different genders, which is quite helpful to increase the productivity of the firm. On the other hand, on the basis of gender diversity, different viewpoints of men and women are available to solve the organization problems. Simultaneously, on the basis of gender diversity company can easily increase their customer base size. Furthermore, the large scale of female participation in the organization would increase the share price of the firm. Consequently, more investors would be attracted towards the firm, which increases the confidence of the firm (Richard, et al., 2013). At the same time, female directorship can increase the effectiveness of the corporate governance of the firm because of female employee more aware the social dynamics and human issues. Simultaneously, a female director is helpful for the organization because it enhances the strategic pools of the organization and improving intra-Australian board communication. Business Performance Evidence of the Gender Diversity Telstra Telecomm Australian Company has adopted a gender diversity strategy of 50% males and females in the board organization, which is helpful to enhance the company performance. Telstra is the largest telecom company in the Australia and won the women business award in 2015. On the other hand, Facebook also adopted a little bit gender diversity policy because company appoints the Sheryl sandberg in the board because she was the successful female entrepreneur, while she joined the Facebook board the user base of the Facebook increased 10 times and she improved the technology sector of the company. Consequently, the company has valued $100 billion which is half GDP of the Nigeria (Hoogendoorn, et al., 2013). Besides this, Google is also adopted the gender diversity policy consequently, company appoints the Susan Wojcicki as a CEO of the YouTube in Google and her decision is effective for the company growth. Along with this, she provides the effective profitable ideas to the Google, which is quite helpful to enhance the feasibility of the firm. Simultaneously, she is powerful in advertising sector and her efforts increase the Google advertising revenue i.e. $43 billion (Marinova, et al., 2015). In addition, Reynolds American water also adopted the gender diversity policy. Consequently, company is selected the Susan M. Cameron. She takes the effective strategic decision towards the company that was quite helpful to increase the reputation of the firm in the tobacco sector. This firm appreciates the gender diversity and provides the financial rewards on the basis of her effective performance. While the Susan M. Cameron improves the competitive advantage of the company and her efforts in the company strategic decision to accomplish the objectives. Apart from this, many of the firms have inequality gender diversity because companies may think women are not capable of doing work at top level management. Such originations may face the problem of communication barriers, cultural resistance, discrimination, which has impact upon the company performance. Moreover, without gender diversity policy in the firm decreases the share prices of the firm and their investor due to gender discrimination. Although this topic is being selected for this report because in the current environment, gender diversity has positive impacts on the company performance and it corporate governance (Hoogendoorn, et al., 2013). Along with this, gender diversity increases the feasibility of the firm. Recommendation of the Australian Stock Exchange Corporate governance council (CGC) of Australia has issued the various recommendations for all the listed entities in the Australian stock exchange in the context to the gender diversity. The Australian Institute of Company Directors has issued the guidelines to all the Organizations who have listed in the ASX should disclose the men and women proportion ratio in the board organization. Along with this, company should enclose how it identifies the senior executive positions in the board as to know and encourage the gender diversity. Besides this, ASX recommends that every organization should disclose their corporate governance report in the Australian stock exchange to know the gender diversity objectives and to know the role of women employees in the board of the organization (Vafaei, et al., 2015). In spite of this, The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) should recommend to all the organizations to make a policy related to gender diversity as including measurable aim which is helpful to establish the effective relationship with investors. As a consequence, AICD aims to provide the transparency in the organizations as to encourage the organizations to increase women participation in the senior roles. Conclusion From the above report, it can be summarized that every organization needs to develop the policy of gender diversity ratio of men and women in the top level management, which is helpful to raise the business productivity among the shareholders in the market. Meanwhile, ASX 200 can achieve the target of 30% women in the board at the end of 2018 due to effective gender diversity policy (Richard, et al., 2013). At the same time, this report examines the organization can raise their investor's relations and feasibility on the basis of gender diversity policy. Part B Introduction Whistleblowers policy is the essential part of corporate governance that is made by the company. This report discusses the best-practice contemporary standards for whistleblower policies which, are suggested by the federal and state government. This report also presents the legislation that is made for whistleblowers in the Australia. This report also discusses the objectives, requirements and eligibility criteria for public sector and private sectors whistleblowers. In the last, this report presents the recommendation for listed companies on the Australia stock exchange. Best-Practice Contemporary Standards for Whistleblower Policies Whistleblower Whistleblower is a person who represents any kind of business information and activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, and wrong within an organization. They could be both in private or public sectors. The Business information that is suspected wrong generally includes infringement of business policy and rules, law, regulation, and risk to public interest and national protection (ASIC, 2016). Other unlawful activities are fraud and corruption. Whistleblowers select the sources to get information and represent it either internally or externally. Internally, the whistleblower can pass their accusation to those people who work within the accused organization. On the other side, externally, the whistleblower may bring an accusation to the third parties who are outside of the accused organization. Australian Whistleblower Legislation The Public Sector In 2002, the Australian government had committed to provide the best-practice legislation to persuade and protect public interest disclosure within the administration. These Australian whistleblower protection rules are moderately wide-ranging for the public sector. Further, federal and state legislation covers all jurisdictions with the intention to ensure reliability and responsibility in the public sector (Harris, et al., 2015). Following are several acts that are constituted by the Federal and State government to protect the Whistleblowers public interest: Whistleblowers Protection Act 1993, (South Australia), Whistleblowers Protection Act 1994, (Queensland), Public Interest Disclosures Act 1994, (New South Wales), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2012, (Australian Capital Territory), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013, (Commonwealth), Protected Disclosure Act 2012, (Victoria), Public Interest Disclosures Act 2002, (Tasmania), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2003, (Western Australia), Public Interest Disclosure Act 2008, (Northern Territory) (ASIC, 2016). Objectives The main objective to make the laws is to provide the security to the whistleblower. Security indicates that report on unlawful activity. Another objective is to provide appropriate protection for those people who make these kinds of reports. Further, these laws are effective to provide the structure that correctly deals with the reported matters (Weimer and Vining, 2015). These laws are beneficial to provide protection to whistleblowers such as, to protect against the unfair treatment and to suffer any detriment. Shortcomings The reportable illegal behavior is unclear and differs among the jurisdictions. Furthermore, unidentified grievances are not always protected by the jurisdictions. In addition to this, it is not clear, which government will protect to whistleblower and what ways will be used to provide protection. The responsibility on the agencies differs and is also unclear (Shukla and Limbasiya, 2015). In addition to this, the nonexistence of supervision agency creates difficulty in protecting the whistleblower. The Private Sector For the private sector, legislative protection is significantly weaker. Because the primary provisions are contained in the federal corporation act 2004 that only cover the whistleblower reporting breaches of the Corporation Act and the ASIC Act. According to the part 9.4AAA Section 1317 AA-AE, a person is protected as the whistleblower if they have a distinct position like an officer of the company, workforces of the company, a contractor and human resources who have contracted to supply goods and services to the firm (Whistleblowing Solution, 2016). The Corporations Act prohibits retaliation against the whistleblower and grants them a civil rights such as looking for replacement of employment. Eligibility for the whistleblower The person who has a sound track record and do not involve in any civil and criminal proceedings in past. In addition to this, any contractual liabilities and remedies should not be imposed on the whistleblower (Ion, et al., 2015). It means that secrecy provisions in any employment contracts will not disqualify the process of whistleblowing. Note: The Corporations Act unable to present that the person is not involved in civil or criminal subject matter, and is also unable to determine the behavior of a person that is exposed by the disclosure. Position of whistleblowers Whistleblowers provide the protection so; they must be in a top level position within the organization. They must be part of ASIC or the auditor of the company or the staff member of the audit team that conducts the audit of the company. In addition to this, the whistleblower must be appointed as the director, secretary and senior manager of the company (Taiwo, 2015). Further, they must be authorized by the company to receive disclosure. Requirements for whistleblower To prompt the provisions of the Corporations Act, the discloser must act in good faith. They must give their name before representing the whistleblowing activities. Whistleblowers have reasonable justification to suspect that the information that they will represent is related with company or an officer or workers (Brough, et al., 2015). Further, they cannot breach the provision of the Corporations legislation such as Corporations Act and the ASIC Act. The Whistleblower Program (AS 8004-2003) is executed in the private sector to provide the key requirements for the whistleblowing framework (Yeoh, 2015). Further, Confidentiality, secrecy, and protection are also included in this program. Conclusion From the above interpretation, it is concluded that whistleblower is the person that represents any kind of business information with insider and outsider of the organization. It is also summarized that they engage in two sectors that are private and public sectors. Further, there are different best-practices contemporary standards for whistleblower policies that made by the federal and state government to protect the whistleblowers. It is also concluded that whistleblower appointed in top level position within the company and they have right to disclose the unlawful activities and code of conduct internally and externally. Recommendations of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) In 2003, corporate governance council of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) has issued the principle of corporate governance and best practice recommendation. Companies that are listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) should establish the code of conduct for directors and senior executives so that they can trade fairly (Zadek, er al., 2013). In addition to this, the company should foster and encourage the whistleblowing by the employees so that any misleading activity can be identified. In 2007, the Corporate Governance Council of ASX has undertaken the extensive review where it suggested that company should identify the actions that are followed by the management to encourage the reporting of unlawful or unethical behavior. In addition to this, the company should actively promote the ethical behavior within the organization for more transparency. Moreover, the company should protect the whistleblowers that report against the violation in the good faith (Parsons, 2016). The company should also protect its procedures that deal with these types of subject matters. References ASIC (2016) Whistleblowers-company officeholder obligations. [Online]. Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/running-a-company/company-officeholder-duties/whistleblowers-company-officeholder-obligations/ (Assessed: 10 September 2016). Brough, P., Brown, J. M., and Biggs, A. (2015) Improving criminal justice workplaces: Translating theory and research into evidence-based practice(Vol. 32). UK: Routledge. Harris, E., Petrovits, C., and Yetman, M. H. (2015) Why Bad Things Happen to Good Organizations: The Link Between Governance and Asset Diversions in Public Charities,Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Ion, R., Smith, K., Nimmo, S., Rice, A. M., and McMillan, L. (2015) Factors influencing student nurse decisions to report poor practice witnessed while on placement,Nurse education today,35(7), pp. 900-905. Parsons, P. J. (2016)Ethics in public relations: A guide to best practice. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Shukla, H., and Limbasiya, N. (2015) Board EffEctivEnEss: an Evaluation BasEd on corporatE GovErnancE scorE,International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies,4(1) pp. 40-48. Taiwo, S. F. (2015) Effects of Whistle Blowing Practices on Organizational Performance in the Nigerian Public Sector: Empirical Facts from selected Local Government in Lagos and Ogun State,Journal of Marketing and Management,6(1), p. 41. Weimer, D. L., and Vining, A. R. (2015)Policy analysis: Concepts and practice. UK: Routledge. Whistleblowing Solution (2016) Australian Whistleblower Legislation. [Online]. Available at: https://www.whistleblowing.com.au/learn/whistleblowing/whistleblowing-legislation/ (Assessed: 10 September 2016). Yeoh, P. (2015) Whistleblowing laws: Before and after SarbanesOxley, International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,12(3), pp. 254-273. Zadek, S., Evans, R., and Pruzan, P. (2013)Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. UK: Routledge. Hoogendoorn, S., Oosterbeek, H. and Van Praag, M. (2013) The impact of gender diversity on the performance of business teams: Evidence from a field experiment,Management Science,59(7), pp. 1514-1528. Kumar, P. and Zattoni, A. (2016) Corporate Governance, Board Gender Diversity and Firm Performance.Corporate Governance: An International Review,24(4), pp. 388-389. Marinova, J., Plantenga, J. and Remery, C. (2015) Gender diversity and firm performance: Evidence from Dutch and Danish boardrooms,The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp. 1-14. Nanda, S. (2014)Gender diversity: Crosscultural variations. USA: Waveland Press. Richard, O. C., Kirby, S. L. and Chadwick, K. (2013) The impact of racial and gender diversity in management on financial performance: How participative strategy making features can unleash a diversity advantage,The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(13), pp. 2571-2582. Vafaei, A., Ahmed, K. and Mather, P. (2015) Board Diversity and Financial Performance in the Top 500 Australian Firms.Australian Accounting Review, 25(4), pp. 413-427.